Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the lack of reactivity of nitrogen
(b) describe and explain:
(i) the basicity of ammonia (see Section 7)
(ii) the structure of the ammonium ion and its formation by an acid-base reaction
(iii) the displacement of ammonia from its salts
(c) describe the Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia from its elements, giving essential operating conditions, and interpret these conditions (qualitatively) in terms of the principles of kinetics and equilibria (see also Sections 7 and 8)
(d) state the industrial importance of ammonia and nitrogen compounds derived from ammonia
(e) state and explain the environmental consequences of the uncontrolled use of nitrate fertilisers
(f) state and explain the natural and man-made occurrences of oxides of nitrogen and their catalytic removal from the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines
(g) explain why atmospheric oxides of nitrogen are pollutants, including their catalytic role in the oxidation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide
(h) describe the formation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide from the combustion of sulfur contaminated carbonaceous fuels
(i) state the role of sulfur dioxide in the formation of acid rain and describe the main environmental consequences of acid rain
(j) state the main details of the Contact process for sulfuric acid production
(k) describe the use of sulfur dioxide in food preservation
(a) explain the lack of reactivity of nitrogen
(b) describe and explain:
(i) the basicity of ammonia (see Section 7)
(ii) the structure of the ammonium ion and its formation by an acid-base reaction
(iii) the displacement of ammonia from its salts
(c) describe the Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia from its elements, giving essential operating conditions, and interpret these conditions (qualitatively) in terms of the principles of kinetics and equilibria (see also Sections 7 and 8)
(d) state the industrial importance of ammonia and nitrogen compounds derived from ammonia
(e) state and explain the environmental consequences of the uncontrolled use of nitrate fertilisers
(f) state and explain the natural and man-made occurrences of oxides of nitrogen and their catalytic removal from the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines
(g) explain why atmospheric oxides of nitrogen are pollutants, including their catalytic role in the oxidation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide
(h) describe the formation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide from the combustion of sulfur contaminated carbonaceous fuels
(i) state the role of sulfur dioxide in the formation of acid rain and describe the main environmental consequences of acid rain
(j) state the main details of the Contact process for sulfuric acid production
(k) describe the use of sulfur dioxide in food preservation
Haber process
Industrial process creating ammonia by heating nitrogen gas with hydrogen gas at 400-550 degrees celcius, using an iron catalyst at a pressure of 100-500 atm.
Industrial process creating ammonia by heating nitrogen gas with hydrogen gas at 400-550 degrees celcius, using an iron catalyst at a pressure of 100-500 atm.