Negative Ion Test
Carbonate (CO3 -2) Add acid CO2 evolved—test using limewater, turns cloudy.
Sulphate (SO4 –2) Add barium nitrate or chloride White precipitate of barium sulphate formed
Chloride (Cl–) Add silver nitrate White precipitate of silver chloride formed
Bromide (Br–) Add silver nitrate Cream precipitate of silver bromide formed
Iodide (I–) Add silver nitrate Pale Yellow precipitate of silver iodide formed
Positive Ion Test
Copper (Cu2+) Add Sodium Hydroxide solution Blue precipitate of copper hydroxide formed
Iron (II) (Fe2+) Add Sodium Hydroxide solution Brown precipitate of iron(II) hydroxide formed
Iron (III) (Fe3+) Add Sodium Hydroxide solution Green precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide formed
Flame Tests
Sodium (Na+) =Orange/yellow
Lithium (Li+) =Scarlet
Potassium (K+) =Lilac
Copper (Cu2+) =Blue/green
Calcium (Ca2+) =Brick Red
Barium (Ba2+) =Apple Green
The solubility table above can also be described using the below solubility rules.
Solubility Rules Made Easy
Having trouble memorizing your solubility rules?
- Use the acronym: “CASH N’ Gia.” All these things are soluble unless
they are found with certain elements.
All Soluble Except With
Chlorates
Acetates
Sulfates Ca Ba Sr Hg Ag Pb (CBS HAPpy)
Halogens Hg Ag Pb (HAPpy)
N’itrates
Group (IA) & NH4